ripple1d package#

Subpackages#

Submodules#

ripple1d.consts module#

Constants used throughout.

ripple1d.data_model module#

Data model for shared utilities.

class ripple1d.data_model.FlowChangeLocation(river=None, reach=None, rs=None, flows=None, profile_names=None)#

Bases: object

HEC-RAS Flow Change Locations.

flows: list[float] = None#

profile_names: list[str] = None#

reach: str = None#

river: str = None#

rs: float = None#

class ripple1d.data_model.Junction(ras_data, junct, crs)#

Bases: object

HEC-RAS Junction.

property downstream_reaches#: Downstream reaches.

property downstream_rivers#: Downstream rivers.

property gdf#: Junction geodataframe.

property junction_lengths#: Junction lengths.

property point#: Junction point.

split_lines(lines, token, idx)#: Split lines.

property upstream_reaches#: Upstream reaches.

property upstream_rivers#: Upstream rivers.

property x#: Junction x coordinate.

property y#: Junction y coordinate.

class ripple1d.data_model.NwmReachModel(model_directory, library_directory='')#

Bases: RasModelStructure

National Water Model reach-based HEC-RAS Model files and directory structure.

property conflation_file#: Conflation file.

property crs#: Coordinate Reference System.

property fim_lib_assets#: Assets of the fim library.

property fim_lib_stac_json_file#: FIM LIBRARY STAC JSON file.

property fim_rating_curve#: FIM rating curve.

property fim_results_database#: Results database.

property fim_results_directory#: FIM results directory.

property flow_extension#: Extension of the source model flow file.

property flow_file#: Flow file of the source model.

property model_stac_json_file#: STAC JSON file.

property ras_terrain_hdf#: RAS Terrain HDF file.

property ripple1d_parameters#: Ripple parameters.

terrain_agreement_file(f)#: Terrain agreement JSON file.

property terrain_directory#: Terrain directory.

property units#: Units specified in the metadata of the geopackage.

update_write_ripple1d_parameters(new_parameters)#: Write Ripple parameters.

upload_files_to_s3(ras_s3_prefix, bucket)#: Upload the model to s3.

upload_fim_lib_assets(s3_prefix, bucket)#: Upload the fim lib to s3.

class ripple1d.data_model.RasModelStructure(model_directory)#

Bases: object

Base Model structure for RAS models.

property assets#: Model assets.

derive_path(extension)#: Derive path.

file_exists(file_path)#

Check if file exists.

Return type:: bool

property model_name#: Model name.

property ras_gpkg_file#: RAS GeoPackage file.

property ras_junctions#: RAS Junctions Geodataframe.

property ras_project_file#: RAS Project file.

property ras_rivers#: RAS Rivers Geodataframe.

property ras_structures#: RAS Structures Geodataframe.

property ras_xs#: RAS XS Geodataframe.

property terrain_assets#: Terrain assets.

property thumbnail_png#: Thumbnail PNG.

property xs_concave_hull#: XS Concave Hull.

class ripple1d.data_model.Reach(ras_data, river_reach, crs, units)#

Bases: object

HEC-RAS River Reach.

add_bridge_xs(cross_sections, bridge_xs)#: Add bridge cross sections attribute to the cross sections.

compute_multi_xs_variables(cross_sections)#

Compute variables that depend on multiple cross sections.

Set the thalweg drop, computed channel reach length and computed channel reach length ratio between a cross section and the cross section downstream.

Return type:: dict

property coords#: Reach coordinates.

property cross_sections#: Cross sections.

property ds_xs#: Downstream cross section.

property gdf#: Reach geodataframe.

property geom#: Geometry of the reach.

property number_of_coords#: Number of coordinates in reach.

property number_of_cross_sections#: Number of cross sections.

property reach_nodes#: Reach nodes.

property structures#: Structures.

property structures_gdf#: Structures geodataframe.

property us_xs#: Upstream cross section.

property xs_gdf#: Cross section geodataframe.

class ripple1d.data_model.RippleSourceDirectory(source_directory, model_name)#

Bases: object

Source Directory for Ripple to create NwmReachModel’s. Should contain the conflation.json file and gpkg file for the source model.

property assets#: Model assets.

property conflation_file#: Conflation file.

derive_path(extension)#: Derive path.

file_exists(file_path)#

Check if file exists.

Return type:: bool

nwm_conflation_parameters(nwm_id)#: NWM Conflation parameters.

property ras_gpkg_file#: RAS GeoPackage file.

property ras_project_file#: RAS Project file.

property source_model_metadata#: Metadata for the source model.

property terrain_assets#: Terrain assets.

property thumbnail_png#: Thumbnail PNG.

class ripple1d.data_model.RippleSourceModel(ras_project_file, crs)#

Bases: object

Source Model structure for Ripple to create NwmReachModel’s.

property assets#: Model assets.

property conflation_file#: Conflation file.

derive_path(extension)#: Derive path.

file_exists(file_path)#

Check if file exists.

Return type:: bool

property model_name#: Model name.

nwm_conflation_parameters(nwm_id)#: NWM Conflation parameters.

property ras_gpkg_file#: RAS GeoPackage file.

property terrain_assets#: Terrain assets.

property thumbnail_png#: Thumbnail PNG.

class ripple1d.data_model.Structure(ras_data, river_reach, river, reach, crs, us_xs)#

Bases: object

Structure.

property distance#: Distance to upstream cross section.

property distance_to_us_xs#: The distance from the upstream cross section to the start of the lateral structure.

property downstream_river_station#: The downstream head water river station of the lateral weir.

property gdf#: Structure geodataframe.

property multiple_xs#: A boolean indicating if the tailwater is connected to multiple cross sections.

property number_of_station_elevation_points#: The number of station elevation points.

property river_station#: Structure river station.

split_structure_header(position)#

Split Structure header.

Example: Type RM Length L Ch R = 3 ,83554. ,237.02,192.39,113.07.

property station_elevation_points#: Station elevation points.

structure_data(position)#: Structure data.

property tail_water_reach#: The tail water reache’s reach name.

property tail_water_river#: The tail water reache’s river name.

property tail_water_river_ds_station#: The tail water reache’s river stationing.

property tail_water_river_station#: The tail water reache’s river stationing.

property tw_distance#: The distance between the tail water upstream cross section and the lateral weir.

property type#: Structure type.

property weir_length#: The length weir.

property width#: Structure width.

class ripple1d.data_model.XS(ras_data, river_reach, river, reach, crs, reach_geom=None, units='English')#

Bases: object

HEC-RAS Cross Section.

property bank_stations#: Bank stations.

property banks_encompass_channel#: A boolean; True if the channel centerlien intersects the cross section between the bank stations.

property centerline_intersection_point#: A point located where the cross section and reach centerline intersect.

property centerline_intersection_station#: Station along the cross section where the centerline intersects it.

property channel_depth#: The depth of the channel; i.e., the depth at which the first bank station is overtoppped.

property channel_obstruction#

A boolean indicating if the channel is being blocked.

A boolean indicating if ineffective flow area, blocked obstructions, or levees are contained in the channel (between bank stations).

property channel_reach_length#: Cross section channel reach length.

property channel_width#: The width of the cross section between bank points.

property computed_river_station#: The computed river stationing according to the reach geometry.

property contraction_coefficient#: The expansion coefficient for the cross section.

property coords#: Cross section coordinates.

property correct_cross_section_direction#: A boolean indicating if the cross section is drawn from right to left looking downstream.

property cross_section_intersects_reach#: Detemine if the cross section intersects the reach, if not return False, otherwise return True.

property crs_units#: The units of the crs.

property cutline_length#: Length of the cross section bassed on the geometry (x-y coordinates).

property expansion_coefficient#: The expansion coefficient for the cross section.

property first_station#: First station of the cross section.

property gdf#: Cross section geodataframe.

property geom#: Geometry of the cross section according to its coords.

property has_blocks#: A boolean indicating if the cross section contains blocked obstructions.

property has_htab_error#: Check if min htab value is less than section invert.

property has_ineffectives#: A boolean indicating if the cross section contains ineffective flow areas.

property has_levees#: A boolean indicating if the cross section contains levees.

property horizontal_varying_mannings#: A boolean indicating if horizontally varied mannings values are applied.

property htab_increment#: Cross section minimum htab.

property htab_min_elevation#: The starting elevation for the cross section’s htab.

property htab_min_increment#: The increment for the cross section’s htab.

property htab_points#: The number of points on the cross section’s htab.

property htab_starting_el#: Cross section minimum htab.

property htab_string#: Cross section htab string.

property intersects_reach_once#: A boolean indicating if the cross section intersects the reach only once.

property last_station#: Last station of the cross section.

property left_bank_elevation#: Elevation of the left bank station.

property left_bank_station#: The cross sections left bank station.

property left_max_elevation#: Max Elevation on the left side of the channel.

property left_reach_length#: Cross section left reach length.

property left_reach_length_ratio#: The ratio of the left reach length to the channel reach length.

property mannings#: The manning’s values of the cross section.

property mannings_code#

A code indicating what type of manning’s values are used.

0, -1 correspond to 3 value manning’s; horizontally varying manning’s values, respectively.

property max_n#: The highest manning’s n value used in the cross section.

property min_elevation#: The min elevaiton in the cross section.

property min_elevation_in_channel#: A boolean indicating if the minimum elevation is in the channel.

property min_n#: The lowest manning’s n value used in the cross section.

property number_of_coords#: Number of coordinates in cross section.

property number_of_mannings_points#: The number of mannings points in the cross section.

property number_of_station_elevation_points#: Number of station elevation points.

property overtop_elevation#: The elevation to at which the cross secition will be overtopped.

property reach_lengths#: The reach lengths of the cross section.

property reach_lengths_populated#: A boolean indicating if all the reach lengths are poputed.

property right_bank_elevation#: Elevation of the right bank station.

property right_bank_station#: The cross sections right bank station.

property right_max_elevation#: Max Elevation on the right side of the channel.

property right_reach_length#: Cross section right reach length.

property right_reach_length_ratio#: The ratio of the right reach length to the channel reach length.

property river_station#: Cross section river station.

property river_station_str: str#: Return the river station with * for interpolated sections.

set_bridge_xs(br)#

Set the bridge cross section attribute.

A value of 0 is added for non-bridge cross sections and 4, 3, 2, 1 are set for each of the bridge cross sections from downstream to upstream order.

set_computed_reach_length(computed_river_station)#: Set the channel reach length computed from the reach/xs/ds_xs geometry.

set_computed_reach_length_ratio()#: Set the ratio of the computed channel reach length to the model channel reach length.

set_thalweg_drop(ds_thalweg)#: Set the drop in thalweg elevation between this cross section and the downstream cross section.

property skew#: The skew applied to the cross section.

split_xs_header(position)#

Split cross section header.

Example: Type RM Length L Ch R = 1 ,83554. ,237.02,192.39,113.07.

property station_elevation_df#: A pandas DataFrame containing the station-elevation data of the cross section.

property station_elevation_point_density#: The average spacing of the station-elevation points.

property station_elevation_points#: Station elevation points.

property station_length#: Length of cross section based on station-elevation data.

property thalweg#: The min elevation of the channel (between bank points).

property unit_conversion#: Conversion factor for units based on the model units and crs units.

property xs_length_ratio#: Ratio of the cutline length to the station length.

property xs_max_elevation#: Cross section maximum elevation.

ripple1d.errors module#

exception ripple1d.errors.BadConflation#

Bases: Exception

Raised when conflation yields a d/s cross-section with higher station than the u/s cross-section.

exception ripple1d.errors.CouldNotFindAnyPlansError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.CouldNotIdentifyPrimaryPlanError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.DepthGridNotFoundError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when a depth grid is not found when clipping raw RAS output.

exception ripple1d.errors.FlowTitleAlreadyExistsError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.HECRASVersionNotInstalledError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.InvalidNetworkPath(us_id, ds_id, cur_id, _iter)#

Bases: Exception

Raised when no valid path exists between two network reaches.

exception ripple1d.errors.InvalidStructureDataError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.ModelNotFoundError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoCRSInferredError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoCrossSectionLayerError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoDefaultEPSGError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoFlowFileSpecifiedError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoGeometryFileSpecifiedError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NoRiverLayerError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NotAPrjFile#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NotGeoreferencedError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.NullTerrainError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when the downloaded terrain for an error is all nodata values.

exception ripple1d.errors.PlanNameNotFoundError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when a plan is not found during post processing depth grids and rating curve dbs.

exception ripple1d.errors.PlanTitleAlreadyExistsError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.ProjectionNotFoundError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.RASComputeError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when *.pNN.computeMsgs.txt indicates error.

exception ripple1d.errors.RASComputeMeshError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when *.pNN.computeMsgs.txt indicates mesh-specific error.

exception ripple1d.errors.RASComputeTimeoutError#

Bases: Exception

Raised on timeout of API call to Compute_CurrentPlan.

exception ripple1d.errors.RASGeometryError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when *.pNN.computeMsgs.txt indicates geometry-specific error.

exception ripple1d.errors.RASStoreAllMapsError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when *.pNN.computeMsgs.txt indicates StoreAllMaps error (related to RAS Mapper postprocessing).

exception ripple1d.errors.RasTerrainFailure#

Bases: Exception

Raised when the HEC-RAS CreateTerrain executable fails to generate terrain.

exception ripple1d.errors.SingleXSModel#

Bases: Exception

Raised when geopackage creation would yield a single cross-section model.

exception ripple1d.errors.ToManyPlansError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

exception ripple1d.errors.UnitsError#

Bases: Exception

Raised when units are not English.

exception ripple1d.errors.UnknownVerticalUnits#

Bases: Exception

Raised when unknown vertical units are specified.

exception ripple1d.errors.UnkownCRSUnitsError#

Bases: Exception

TODO.

ripple1d.ras module#

RAS Class and functions.

class ripple1d.ras.RasFlowText(ras_text_file_path, new_file=False)#

Bases: RasTextFile

Represents a HEC-RAS flow text file.

property description#: Fetch the description of the flow file.

property flow_change_locations#: Retrieve flow change locations.

classmethod from_str(text_string, ras_text_file_path='')#: Read flow file from string.

property n_flow_change_locations#: Number of flow change locations.

property n_profiles#: Number of profiles.

property profile_names#: Profile names.

property title#: Title of the flow File.

property version#: Program Version.

write_discharges(flows, river, reach, river_station)#

Write discharges to flow content.

Parameters:

flows (list) – flows to write to the flow content
river (str) – Ras river
reach (str) – Ras reach
river_station (float) – Ras river station

write_ds_known_wse(ds_wses, river, reach)#

Write downstream known water surface elevations to flow content.

Parameters:

ds_wses (list) – downstream known water surface elevations
river (str) – Ras river
reach (str) – Ras reach

write_ds_normal_depth(number_of_profiles, normal_depth, river, reach)#

Write the downstream normal depth boundary condition.

Parameters:

number_of_profiles (int) – Number of profiles
normal_depth (float) – Normal depth slope to apply to all profiles
river (str) – Ras river
reach (str) – Ras reach

write_headers(title, profile_names, description)#

Write headers for flow content.

Parameters:

title (str) – title of the flow
profile_names (list[str]) – profile names for the flow

Returns:

list (list[str]): lines of the flow content

class ripple1d.ras.RasGeomText(ras_text_file_path, crs=None, new_file=False, units='English')#

Bases: RasTextFile

Represents a HEC-RAS geometry text file.

property cross_sections#

determine_lateral_structure_xs(xs_gdf)#

Determine if the cross sections are connected to lateral structure.

Determine if the cross sections are connected to lateral structures, if they are update ‘has_lateral_structures’ to True.

fix_htab_errors()#: Update any htab values lower than the section invert to the section invert.

classmethod from_gpkg(gpkg_path, title, version, ras_text_file_path='')#: Initiate the RASGeomText class from a geopackage.

classmethod from_str(text_string, crs, ras_text_file_path='')#: Initiate the RASGeomText class from a string.

property junction_gdf#

property junctions#

property n_cross_sections#

property n_junctions#

property n_reaches#

property n_rivers#

property n_structures#

property reach_gdf#

property reaches#

property rivers#

property structures#

property structures_gdf#

property title#: Title of the HEC-RAS Geometry file.

to_gpkg(*args, **kwargs)#

property version#: The HEC-RAS version.

property xs_gdf#

class ripple1d.ras.RasManager(ras_text_file_path, version='631', terrain_path=None, crs=None, new_project=False)#

Bases: object

Manage HEC-RAS projects.

property current_plan#: Get the current plan.

classmethod from_gpkg(ras_project_text_file, nwm_id, ras_gpkg_file_path, version='631', terrain_path=None)#: Create a new RasManager object from a geopackage.

get_flows()#: Create flow objects for each flow.

get_geoms(*args, **kwargs)#

get_plans()#: Create plan objects for each plan.

kwses_run(plan_flow_title, geom_title, depths, wses, flows, river, reach, us_river_station, write_depth_grids=False, show_ras=False, run_ras=True)#: Create a new known water surface elevation run.

new_geom_from_gpkg(ras_gpkg_file_path, title)#: Create a new geometry file from a geopackage.

normal_depth_run(plan_flow_title, geom_title, flow_change_locations, profile_names, normal_depth=0.001, write_depth_grids=False, show_ras=False, run_ras=True, flow_file_description='')#: Create a new normal depth run.

property projection_file#: Write the current projection to file and return the file path.

update_rasmapper_for_mapping()#: Write a rasmapper file to output depth grids for the current plan.

write_new_plan_text_file(*args, **kwargs)#

class ripple1d.ras.RasMap(path, geom, version=631)#

Bases: object

Represents a single RasMapper file.

text_file#

Type:: Text file repressenting the RAS Mapper file

contents#

Type:: a text representation of the files contents

version#

Type:: HEC-RAS version for this RAS Mapper file

add_plan_layer(plan_short_id, plan_hdf, profiles)#

Add a plan layer to the results in the RASMap contents.

Parameters:

plan_short_id (str) – plan_short_id of the plan
plan_hdf (str) – hdf file for the plan
profiles (list[str]) – profiles for the plan

add_result_layers(plan_short_id, profiles, variable)#

Add results layers to RasMap contents. When the RAS plan is ran with “Floodplain Mapping” toggled onthe result layer added here will output rasters.

Parameters:

plan_short_id (str) – Plan short id for the output raster(s)
profiles (list[str]) – Profiles for the output raster(s)
variable (str) – Variable to create rasters for. Currently “Depth” is the only supported variable.

add_terrain(terrain_name, terrain_path)#: Add Terrain to RasMap content.

new_rasmap_content(geom)#: Populate the contents with boiler plate contents.

read_contents()#

Read contents of the file. Searches for the file locally and on s3.

Raises:: FileNotFoundError: –

update_crs(projection_file)#

Add/update the crs file to the RAS Mapper contents.

Parameters:: projection_file (str) – path to projeciton file containing the coordinate system (.prj)
Raises:: FileNotFoundError: –

write()#: Write Ras Map contents to file.

class ripple1d.ras.RasPlanText(ras_text_file_path, crs=None, new_file=False, units='English')#

Bases: RasTextFile

Represents a HEC-RAS plan file.

property flow#: Represents the HEC-RAS flow file associated with this plan.

classmethod from_str(text_string, crs, ras_text_file_path='')#: Initiate a RasPlanText class from a string.

property geom#

new_plan_contents(title, short_id, flow, geom, run_rasmapper=False)#

Populate the content of the plan with basic attributes (title, short_id, flow, and geom).

Raises:: RuntimeError – raise run time error if the plan already has content associated with it:

new_plan_from_existing(title, short_id, geom_ext, flow_ext)#: Populate the content of the new plan with basic attributes (title, short_id, flow, and geom).

property plan_geom_extension#: Geometry extension associated with this plan.

property plan_geom_file#

property plan_steady_extension#: Steady flow extension associated with this plan.

property plan_steady_file#

property plan_unsteady_extension#: Unsteady flow extension associated with this plan.

property plan_unsteady_flow_file#

read_rating_curves(profile_name_map)#

Read the flow and water surface elevations resulting from the computed plan.

Return type:: dict
Raises:: FileNotFoundError – _description_:
Returns:: dict: A dictionary containing “wse” and “flow” keys whose values are pandas dataframes

property title#: Title of this HEC-RAS plan.

property version#: HEC-RAS version.

class ripple1d.ras.RasProject(ras_text_file_path, new_file=False)#

Bases: RasTextFile

Represents a HEC-RAS project file.

property current_plan#: Get the current plan.

classmethod from_str(text_string, ras_text_file_path='')#: Initiate a RasProject class from a string.

property geoms#

property n_flows#: Get the number of flow files associated with this project.

property n_geoms#: Get the number of geometry files associated with this project.

property n_plans#: Get the number of plans associated with this project.

property plans#

set_current_plan(plan_ext)#

Return new contents with the specified plan as the current RAS plan.

Parameters:: plan_ext – The plan extension to set as the current plan

property steady_flows#

property title#: Title of the HEC-RAS project.

property units#: Units of the HEC-RAS project.

property unsteady_flows#

class ripple1d.ras.RasTextFile(ras_text_file_path, new_file=False)#

Bases: object

Represents a HEC-RAS text file.

property file_extension#: Get the file extension.

read_contents()#: Read the contents of the text file.

write_contents()#: Write the contents of the text file.

write_updated_contents()#: Write the updated contents of the text file.

class ripple1d.ras.RasUnsteadyText(ras_text_file_path, new_file=False)#

Bases: RasTextFile

Represents a HEC-RAS unsteady flow text file.

classmethod from_str(text_string, ras_text_file_path='')#: Read flow file from string.

property title#: Title of the flow File.

property version#: Program Version.

ripple1d.ras.check_crs(func)#: Check CRS decorator.

ripple1d.ras.check_version_installed(version)#: Check version installed decorator.

ripple1d.ras.check_windows(func)#: Check windows decorator.

ripple1d.ras.combine_root_extension(func)#: Combine root extension decorator.

ripple1d.ras.create_terrain(src_terrain_filepaths, projection_file, dst_terrain_filepath, vertical_units='Feet', version='631')#

Use the crs file and a list of terrain file paths to make the RAS terrain HDF file. Default location is {model_directory}TerrainTerrain.hdf.

Returns the full path to the local directory containing the output files.

Return type:: str

ripple1d.ras.get_new_extension_number(dict_of_ras_subclasses)#

Determine the next numeric extension that should be used when creating a new plan, flow, or geom; e.g., if you are adding a new plan and .p01, and .p02 already exists then the new planwill have a .p03 extension.

Return type:: str
Parameters:: dict_of_ras_subclasses (dict) – A dictionary containing plan/geom/flow titles as keys and objects plan/geom/flow as values.
Returns:: new file extension (str): The new file exension.

ripple1d.ras.search_for_ras_crs(search_dir)#: Search for RAS crs.

ripple1d.rasmap module#

RASMap Contents.

ripple1d.ripple1d_logger module#

Logging utility an setup.

class ripple1d.ripple1d_logger.RippleLogFormatter(datefmt='%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ', include_traceback=True, include_fields=None, **kwargs)#

Bases: Formatter

Format log messages as JSON-LD.

format(record)#: Set up fine-grain format and logging options.

ripple1d.ripple1d_logger.configure_logging(level, logfile=None, milliseconds=False, verbose=False)#: Configure logging for ripple1d.

ripple1d.ripple1d_logger.initialize_server_logger(log_dir='', log_level=20)#

Initialize log with JSON-LD style formatting and throttled level for AWS libs.

By default sends to StreamHandler (stdout/stderr), but can provide a filename to log to disk instead.

Return type:: Logger

ripple1d.version module#

ripple1d version.

Module contents#

Ripple1D Package.

This package provides tools and utilities for managing 1-dimensional HEC-RAS simulations.